The stone tool was glued into a handle made of liquid bitumen with the addition of 55 percent ochre. It is no longer sticky and can be handled easily. Credit: Patrick Schmidt Micrographs showing wear traces on a tool used by Neanderthals during the Middle Palaeolithic period. Locations of the micrographs on the artifact are indicated in the drawing (upper left) in red. a) Polish, or sheen, on the active edge of the tool handle. b) Polish under colorant stains within the zone covered by adhesive. c) Ridge between concave surfaces formed by the removal of bits of stone that were removed—rather than worn away naturally. d) Dulled out or worn down ridge in the graspable zone that was covered with an adhesive. A comparison of (c) and (d) indicates that the worn-out portion is within the area covered by the designed adhesive grip. Images are shown in microns. Credit: Drawing by D. Greinert, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Liquid bitumen and the earth pigment ochre prior to mixing. Credit: Patrick Schmidt
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